Page 89 - Raw Diet References Book 2019

In view of these data the FEDIAF maximum is
considered appropriate for all life stages.

Vitamin A (Puppies) There is no evidence so far a Zentek J, Kohn B, Morris P, et al. Effect of dietary vitamin A on
that the nutritional maximum for puppies should plasma levels and urinary excretion of retinol and retinyl esters
be different from the current nutritional maximum and clinical parameters in puppy dogs. In: Proceedings of the 13th
for adults. This value has been used in this guide Congress of the ESVCN, Oristano, Italy 15-17 October 2009, p. 97.
for at least 10 years and has never given rise to any b Morris PJ, Salt C, Raila J, et al. Safety evaluation of vitamin A in
problems in growing dogs. c, d, e Moreover, in a study growing dogs. Br J Nutr 2012; 108: 1800-1809.
supported by the pet food industry no adverse effect c Schweigert FJ, Ryder OA, Rambeck WA, Zucker H. The majority
has been seen in puppies of different breeds when of vitamin A is transported as retinyl esters in the blood of most
fed a puppy food containing 40,000 IU of vitamin A carnivores. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 1990; 95, 573-578.
per 100g DM (4kcal/g or 16.74kJ/g). a, b d Schweigert FJ, Thomann E, Zucker H. Vitamin A in the urine of
carnivores. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 1991; 61, 110-113.
e Schweigert FJ, Bok V. Vitamin A in blood plasma and urine of
dogs is affected by the dietary level of vitamin A. Int J Vitam Nutr
Res 2000; 70, 84-91.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D Studies in great Dane puppies showed a Tryfonidou MA, Stevenhagen JJ, van den Bemd GJCM, et al.
that a dietary vitamin D level of 435 IU/100g DM Moderate cholecalciferol supplementation depresses intestinal
can affect Ca absorption and may stimulate calcium absorption in growing dogs. J. Nutr. 2002; 132: 2644-2650.
endochondral ossification disturbances. a, b b Tryfonidou MA, Holl MS, Vastenburg M, et al. Chapter 7. Moderate
vitamin D3 supplementation mildly disturbs the endochondral
Therefore, 320 IU per 100g DM should be the ossification in growing dogs. In: PhD Thesis Utrecht University 19
nutritional maximum for growing giant breed dogs. c December 2002: pp. 110-122.
Based on differences in cholecalciferol metabolism c NRC. Vitamin D In: Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. The
between giant breed and small breed puppies b, National Academic Press, Washington, DC. 2006: pp. 200-205
425 IU/100g DM can be considered a safe nutritional and tables 15-10, 15-12 and 15-14 pp. 357-363.
maximum for small breed puppies.

Since there is no information on maximum safe
intakes for adult dogs and breeding bitches. FEDIAF
recommends the same nutritional maximum for
other life stages as those indicated for puppies.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E Vitamin E requirements depend on the a Hall JA. Potential adverse effects of long-term consumption of (n-
intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the 3) fatty acids. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet. 1996; 18 (8): 879-895.
presence of other antioxidants. An increased level b Hall JA, Tooley KA, Gradin JL, et al. Influence of dietary n-6 and
of vitamin E may be required if the intake of PUFA is n-3 fatty acids and vitamin E on the immune response of healthy
high, particularly from fish oil. a, b, c geriatric dogs. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64 (6): 762-772.
c Hendriks WH, Wu YB, Shields RG, et al. Vitamin E requirement
of adult cats increases slightly with high dietary intake of
polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr 2002; 132: 1613S-1615S.

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