Page 85 - Raw Diet References Book 2019

Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids

Omega-3 and Omega-6 poly-unsaturated long a Bauer JE, Heinemann KM, Bigley KE, et al. Maternal diet alpha-
chain fatty acids (Growth & Reproduction) During linolenic acid during gestation and lactation does not increase
gestation and early life after birth, DHA and arachidonic docosahexaenoic acid in canine milk. J. Nutr. 2004; 134 (8S):
acid (AA) are selectively accumulated within the brain 2035S-2038S.
and retina. f Supplementation with α-linolenic acid b Bauer J, Heinemann KM, Lees GE, Waldron MK. Retinal
(ALA) and linoleic acid during gestation and lactation functions of young dogs are improved and maternal plasma
is an ineffective means of increasing the milk content phospholipids are altered with diets containing long-chain n-3
of DHA and AA respectively. a Although very young PUFA during gestation, lactation and after weaning J. Nutr.
puppies have the capacity to convert some ALA into 2006; 136: 1991S-1994S.
DHA, after weaning puppies lose this capacity. c c Bauer JE, Heinemann KM, Lees GE, Waldron MK.
Docosahexaenoic acid accumulates in plasma of canine
Moreover, electroretinograms have revealed puppies raised on α-linolenic acid-rich milk during suckling but
improved vision in puppies from mothers fed n-3 long not when fed α-linolenic acid-rich diets after weaning. J. Nutr.
chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids and fed the same 2006; 136: 2087S-2089S.
food after weaning. b, d, e Consequently it is preferable d Heinemann KM, Waldron MK, Bigley KE, et al. Long-Chain (n-3)
to have small amounts of DHA and/or EPA, as well as Polyunsa- turated fatty acids are more efficient than α-linolenic
AA in foods for growth and reproduction to supply acid in improving electroretinogram responses of puppies
enough for neonatal nutritional modifications. exposed during gestation, lactation, and weaning. J. Nutr. 2005;
135: 1960–1966.
e Heinemann KM, Waldron MK, Bigley KE, Bauer JE. Improvement
of retinal function in canine puppies from mothers fed dietary
long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids during gestation and
lactation. J Vet Int Med 2005; 19 (3): 442-443, Abstr. 155.
f Heinemann KM, Bauer JE. Timely Topics in Nutrition -
Docosahexaenoic acid and neurologic development in animals.
J. Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228 (5): 700-705.

Omega 3 fatty acids (Adult dogs) Although there NRC 2006
is increasing evidence of beneficial effects of omega-3
fatty acids, the current information is insufficient to
recommend a specific level of omega-3 fatty acids for
adult dogs.

Omega 3 vs. 6 FA (Adult dogs) The effects of a Effect of dietary n-6-to n-3 fatty acid ratio on complete blood
omega-3 fatty acids depend on the level as well as on and total white blood cell counts, and T-cell subpopulations in
the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids. Very high aged dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1999; 60 (3): 319-327.
levels of long chain omega-3 fatty acids can decrease b b Wander RC, Hall JA, Gradin JL, et al. The ratio of dietary (n-6) to
cellular immunity, particularly in the presence of a (n-3) fatty acids influences immune system function, eicosanoid
low level of omega-6 fatty acids. a, b metabolism, lipid peroxidation and vitamin E in aged dogs. J
Nutr 1997; 127: 1198-1997.

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